International Debt and Equity Markets:

U.S. Participation in the Globalization Trend
by Michel V. Hurley *
Emory International Law Review | Fall, 1994

* Candidate for J.D., Emory University, 1995; graduated from Vassar College, 1992, with a B.A. in Political Science. The author dedicates this Comment to her parents, Valerae and William Hurley, in appreciation of their heroic support and guidance.

LENGTH: 19456 words
SUMMARY:
… Finally, in a law review article written in 1992, Duke University Law Professor James D. Cox explained that “my purpose is to develop a set of principles that can guide U.S. policy makers in reaching agreement with other nations on the minimum content of all nations’ securities laws.” …

INTRODUCTION
The word “Globalization” is used widely to summarize a complex worldwide development; it describes the growing number of interweaving dependencies–economic, political and cultural–among countries and the consequent blurring of international boundaries in those areas. 1 The globalization trend complicates the application of local laws to economic activity because the actors and their objects often are not contained within the borders of a single nation or even a single geographical region. One field that has received much recent attention, but few and scattered simplifying solutions, is that of securities regulation. While the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has proven to be somewhat problematic, it still manages to provide some guidance for the international trade of manufactured goods; the securities field enjoys no such consensus. Thus, renowned securities regulation expert and Harvard Law School professor Louis Loss believes that globalization “very likely will be the central theme of securities regulation through the nineties.” 2

Securities issuers and investors are not waiting idly for governments to reach agreements on uniform rules. Wherever it has been possible to reach out for foreign capital or for new places to invest, people have found ways to skirt prohibitive local laws in order to
[*702] do so. 3 Unfortunately, as this comment will show, such unregulated investing has often led to great inefficiency and inequity, prompting legislators to search for new ways to handle the effects of globalization. Columbia Law Professor Michael Gruson wrote in 1987, “At this point, lawyers seem to be following the driving factor of market forces. Since the markets have so far developed in spite of the many remaining impediments and obstacles, lawyers are now called upon to help simplify and ease the natural flow. . . .” 4 Globalization thus calls either for more systematic planning and direction or at least for the removal of current inconsistent and ineffective regulatory barriers to international securities trading.

Barring some break in the trend–and with appropriate regulatory responses–full integration may result. Morgan Stanley International President Richard A. Debs described the future securities market as one which has no national boundaries, to which participants . . . from all over the world have access, in which price is established by supply and demand from around the world, not from a single domestic market, and in which transactions can be effected on a twenty-four hour basis or close to it. 5

However, the United States, historically the world leader in the field, is not prepared for the globalization of securities markets. In 1987, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) noted that U.S. stock markets were failing to keep pace with others in at [*703] tracting foreign listings. 6 In 1989, the U.S. Senate conducted hearings to determine how to stop the decline in this area. 7 One senator remarked that he was “concerned about the continued ability of U.S. institutions and markets to remain atop the competitive roost. And in fact, by certain measures, we’ve already lost our leading edge in some areas.” 8 Since then, Congress, the SEC, and the various self-regulatory organizations (SROs) 9 have been pondering ways to improve the statistics. Underlying the attention, however, is a usually unexpressed reluctance to change which stems from feelings of U.S. supremacy–the notion that we should not bother to “fix what is already working.” 10

Part I of this comment explains the necessity for further internationalization of U.S. securities markets. Part II discusses efforts made to that end, as well as persisting problems. Finally, Part III attempts to provide a framework for change, taking into account a number of popular theories. It concludes with the suggestion that, in addition to current efforts, a combination of deference to foreign securities laws and limited deregulation in this country is necessary for safe and profitable American participation in the global market. In the words of Michael Gruson, “Lawyers who have a natural tendency to accept without question the regulatory sys [*704] tems of their country will have to keep an open mind.” 11

This comment is offered both as a primer on progress made in the area of internationalization of American securities markets and as a suggested focus for future development. In the interest of brevity, it does not discuss certain relevant issues: State (“blue sky”) laws are not examined in addition to federal regulation, because the states are tending toward deference to uniform laws for foreign issues anyway. 12 Jurisdiction over any trade in a U.S. market is assumed, because there is a “U.S. connection” to any such trade. 13 Finally, this comment examines problems with divergent foreign accounting and disclosure standards to the near exclusion of all other discrepancies, because the author believes these to be the two major obstacles to successful and expedient international securities trading.

Citations:
n3 Total American investments in foreign securities amounted to $ 340 billion in July, 1993. Alyssa A. Lappen, International Investing’s Hottest Hands, INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR, July 1993, at 63. Robert McCabe, chief market analyst at Merill Lynch in New York, notes that in recent months nearly 40 percent of American mutual fund money has been ploughed into overseas investments. Larry Black, After the Deluge of U.S. Cash; A Wall of American Money Has Hit World Share Markets This Year, INDEPENDENT, Dec. 30, 1993, at 27. Mutual funds are groupings of investments in many different stocks and/or bonds (depending on the fund for the purpose of lowering risk). See infra note 44.


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Alyssa A. Lappen is a U.S.-based investigative journalist. She is the former Managing Editor at the Leeb Group (2012-2017); a former Senior Fellow of the American Center for Democracy (2005-2008); and a former Senior Editor of Institutional Investor (1993-1999), Working Woman (1991-1993) and Corporate Finance (1991). She served six of her 12 years at Forbes (1978-1990) as an Associate Editor. Ms. Lappen was also a staff reporter at The New Haven Register (1975-1977). During a decade as a freelance, her work appeared in Big Peace, Pajamas Media, Front Page Magazine, American Thinker, Right Side News, Family Security Matters, the Washington Times and many other Internet and print journals. Ms. Lappen also contributed to the Terror Finance Blog, among others. She supports the right of journalists worldwide to write without fear or restriction on politics, governments, international affairs, terrorism, terror financing and religious support for terrorism, among other subjects. Ms. Lappen is also an accomplished poet. Her first full-length collection, The Minstrel's Song, was published by Cross-Cultural Communications in April 2015. Her poems have been published in the 2nd 2007 edition of Blood to Remember: American Poets on the Holocaust and both 2007 issues of Wales' award-winning Seventh Quarry: Swansea Poetry Magazine. Dozens of her poems have appeared in print and online literary journals and books. She won the 2000 annual Ruah: A Journal of Spiritual Poetry chapbook award and has received a Harvard Summer Poetry Prize and several honorable mentions.

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